It depends on kind of primer, not always they are clear lacks, or slightly tinted ones like Ikarol 201, primer can be also a "thick paint" looking. Talking on Russian there are not many information about, but I think red primer is probably most wood treatment (and many aircrafts were all wood surfaces). But russian were not only, in Germany also Red primer was used depending on manufacturer, Heinkel used a red primer on its aircraft, and front line patches in aircrafts to avoid rust on newly patched metal surfaces were also brick red (red lead in fact, you can buy that today typical for iron primering), even you can see that in 109 remains some times. Others used a tinted primer but with RLM 02 tint, so what you see is an aircraft overall RLM 02 painted, but over the time some manufacturers also painted his prototypes with overall RLM 02, so when you see that, it's primered or painted?

Difficult to say. Primer wasn't always the same, it changed in time.
Ok, this is the thing, may be some small details can be pointed better, but an overall view...

Also see that, you can see exactly wing metal parts, and a very interesting detail (but a hard work to do), how red birch wood planks were mounted over fuselage. May be that effect were not seen after mounted, glued and sanded, but may be a nice effect to do...

Hope it helps

.
S!