The programming for these mods is done in Java.
I've done almost nothing with Java, apart from the distance mod which is really quite simple. The Java files that make my effects work are taken mainly from plutonium:
https://www.sas1946.com/main/index.php/topic,19849.0.htmlThe dust mod is just eff, mat and tga files - no real programming. The Java code that makes it work may be part of plutonium, or maybe part of the stock game. I have not looked into this.
In theory there must be a way to detect some difference between terrain, as the dust currently appears white if it is over water (mimicking spray), or white on a winter map for snow etc, or brown on an ETO map.
So - there is a way to make this distinction, and it is probably relatively simple to change the effect accordingly from big desert style dust to smaller grass strip style dust.
However, I imagine it would be much more complicated or maybe impossible to tell the difference between, for example, sand and tarmac, ie different types of surface on a map.