Hello my SAS and Il-2 friends,
I have been thinking (for 5 minutes) that we really need a dedicated pathfinder and glider tug. There is only one aircraft that I think fits the bill.
The Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle.
The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.41 Albemarle was a British twin-engine transport aircraft that entered service during the Second World War.
The Albemarle was originally designed as a medium bomber, but never served in that role, instead being used for general and special transport duties, paratroop transport and glider towing, including significant actions such as Normandy and the assault on Arnhem during Operation Market Garden.
BackgroundAir Ministry Specification B.9/38 required a twin-engine medium bomber of wood and metal construction, that could be built by manufacturers outside the aircraft industry, and without using light alloys. The Air Ministry was concerned that if there was a war, the restricted supply of materials might affect construction of bombers.
Armstrong Whitworth, Bristol and de Havilland were approached for designs. Bristol proposed two designs - a conventional 80 ft wingspan capable of 300 mph, and a tricycle design with 70 ft span with a maximum speed of 320 mph. Both designs, known as the Type 155, used two Bristol Hercules engines. Armstrong Whitworth's AW.41 design used a tricycle undercarriage and was built up of sub-sections to ease manufacture by firms without aircraft construction experience. The AW.41 was designed with Rolls-Royce Merlin engines in mind, but with Bristol Hercules as an alternative ("shadow") engine.
In June 1938, mockups of both the AW.41 and Bristol 155 were examined, and new specifications B.17/38 and B.18/38 were drawn up for the respective designs. De Havilland did not submit a design. The specification stipulated 250 miles per hour (400 km/h) at 15,000 feet (4,600 m) economical cruise while carrying 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) of bombs. However, Bristol was already heavily engaged with other aircraft production and development, and stopped work on the 155.
Changes in policy made the Air Staff reconsider the Albemarle as principally a reconnaissance aircraft capable of carrying out bombing. Among other effects, this meant more fuel to give a 4,000 mile range. Two defensive positions were added; an upper dorsal turret, and a (retractable) ventral turret to enable downward firing. In October 1938, 200 aircraft were ordered "off the drawing board" (i.e. without producing a prototype first). The aircraft was always expected to be of use as a contingency, and to be less than ideal.
Design and DevelopmentThe Albemarle was a mid-wing, cantilever monoplane with twin fins and rudders. The fuselage was built in three sections; the structure being unstressed plywood over a steel tube frame. The forward section used stainless steel tubing to reduce interference with magnetic compasses. It had a Lockheed hydraulically operated, retractable tricycle landing gear, with the main wheels retracting back into the engine nacelles, and the nose wheel retracting backwards into the front fuselage.
The two pilots side-by-side, a radio operator sat behind the pilots, and the navigator sat in the nose forward of the cockpit. The bomb aimer's sighting panel was incorporated into the crew hatch in the underside of the nose. In the rear fuselage were glazed panels, so a "fire controller" could coordinate the turrets against attackers. The dorsal turret was a Boulton-Paul design with four Browning machine guns. A fairing forward of the turret automatically retracted as the turret rotated to fire forwards. Fuel was in four tanks, and additional tanks could be carried in the bomb bay.
A notable design feature of the Albemarle was its undercarriage, which included a retractable nose-wheel (in addition to a semi-concealed "bumper" tail-wheel). It was the first British-built aircraft with this configuration to enter service with the Royal Air Force.
The original bomber design required a crew of six including two gunners; one in a four-gun dorsal turret and one in a twin-gun ventral turret. However, only the first 32 aircraft, the Mk I Series I, were produced in this configuration, and they were only used operationally in the bomber role on two occasions. That was because the Albemarle was considered inferior to other aircraft already in service, such as the Vickers Wellington. All subsequent aircraft were built as transports, designated either "General Transport" (GT) or "Special Transport" (ST).
When used as a paratroop transport, 10 fully armed troops could be carried. The paratroopers were provided with a dropping hatch in the rear fuselage, and a large loading door in the fuselage side.
The entire production run of 600 Albemarles was assembled by A.W. Hawksley Ltd of Gloucester, a subsidiary of the Gloster Aircraft Company formed for the purpose of the construction of the Albemarle. Gloster was a part of the Hawker Siddeley group which included Armstrong Whitworth. Individual parts and sub-assemblies for the Albemarle were produced by about 1,000 subcontractors.
Operational HistoryThe first Albemarle (P1360) first flew on 20 March 1940 at Hamble Aerodrome, where it was assembled by Air Service Training, and was the first of two prototypes built by Armstrong Whitworth. To improve take-off, a wider span (77 from 67 ft) wing was fitted after the 8th aircraft. Plans for using it as a bomber were dropped due to delays in reaching service, it was not an improvement over current medium bombers (such as the Vickers Wellington) and it had obvious shortcomings compared to the four-engined heavy bombers about to enter service, but it was considered suitable for general reconnaissance.
The Soviet Air Force placed a contract for delivery of 200 Albemarles in October 1942. A RAF unit was set up to train Soviet ferry crews: No. 305 FTU, at RAF Errol near Dundee. During training, one aircraft was lost with no survivors.
The first RAF squadron to operate the Albemarle was No. 295 at RAF Harwell in January 1943. Other squadrons to be equipped with the Albemarle were No. 296, No. 297 and No. 570. Other RAF squadrons operated small numbers of the aircraft. On 9 February 1943, the first operational flight was a 296 Squadron Albemarle which dropped leaflets over Lisieux in Normandy.
A Soviet-crewed Albemarle flew from Scotland to Vnukovo airfield, near Moscow on 3 March 1943; it was followed soon afterwards by 11 more aircraft. Two Albemarles were lost over the North Sea: one to German interceptors, and the other to unknown causes. Tests of the surviving Albemarles revealed their weaknesses as transports (notably the cramped interior) and numerous technical flaws; in May 1943, the Soviet government put further deliveries on hold, and eventually cancelled them in favour of abundant American Douglas C-47 Skytrains. (The Soviet camp at Errol field continued until April 1944; apparently the Soviet government hoped to secure de Havilland Mosquito deliveries.) At least two of the Albemarles that reached the USSR were lost in accidents, and the surviving aircraft were retired a two years later.
The pinnacle of the aircraft's career was a series of operations for D-Day, on the night of 5/6 June 1944. 295 and 296 Squadrons sent aircraft to Normandy with the pathfinder force, and 295 Squadron claimed to be the first squadron to drop Allied airborne troops over Normandy. On 6 June 1944, four Albemarle squadrons and the operational training unit all sent aircraft during Operation Tonga; 296 Squadron used 19 aircraft to tow Airspeed Horsas, 295 Squadron towed 21 Horsas, although it lost six in transit, 570 Squadron sent 22 aircraft with ten towing gliders, and 42 OTU used four aircraft. For Operation Mallard on 7 June 1944, the squadrons towed 220 Horsas and 30 Hamilcars to Normandy.
On 17 September 1944, during Operation Market Garden at Arnhem, 54 Horsas and two Waco Hadrian gliders were towed to the Netherlands by 28 Albemarles of 296 and 297 squadrons; 45 aircraft were sent the following day towing gliders.
Of the 602 aircraft delivered, 17 were lost on operations, and 81 lost in accidents. The last Royal Air Force unit to operate the type was the Heavy Glider Conversion Unit, which replaced the Albemarles with Handley Page Halifaxes in February 1946, and the type was retired from operational units.
SpecificationsGeneral characteristics
Crew: 4
Capacity: 10 paratroopers in ST
Payload: 4,000 lb freight (1,820 kg)
Length: 59 ft 11 in (18.26 m)
Wingspan: 77 ft 0 in (23.47 m)
Height: 15 ft 7 in (4.75 m)
Wing area: 804 ft² (74.6 m²)
Empty weight: 25,347 lb (10,270 kg)
Loaded weight: 36,500 lb (16,556 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 36,500 lb (16,590 kg)
Powerplant: 2 × Bristol Hercules XI radial engine, 1,590 hp (1,190 kW) each
Propellers: De Havilland hydromatic propeller
Performance
Maximum speed: 230 kn (265 mph, 426 km/h) at 10,500 ft (3,200 m)
Cruise speed: 148 kn (170 mph, 274 km/h)
Stall speed: 61 kn (70 mph, 113 km/h)
Range: 1,300 mi (2,092 km)
Service ceiling: 18,000 ft (5,486 m)
Rate of climb: 980 ft/min (5.0 m/s)
Armament
Guns:
4 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in dorsal turret.
2 × .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns in ventral turret (first prototype only)
Bombs: Internal bomb bay for 4,500 lb (2,041 kg) of bombs
Pictures and Blueprints
Sincerely,
James
Author
Topic: Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle (Read 7411 times)
