I get you. No, there's no real weapons compendium (that I know of). You need to learn things "on the job"... But the basics arn't so hard.
first of all, in modern times - dependig what time and place exactly - you usually dn't fight without ground contol and radar assistance. Meaning, you know where opponents are and where they go before you can see them.
GCI objects in missions can do that, they will tell you things via HUD. Or if you have an RIO in the backseat they can tell you things from on board radar too. But to me, personally, I like to fly with minimap objects ON to simulate that level of information. Call it unrealistic or call it immersion... I want to have fun and never having success is not fun so decide what kind of "help" you want to take on.
As for evading missiles: going very low and tight turns are good ways to dodge. AI can't go as low as you and ground scatters radar and IR seeking missiles. That also means, shooting a missile against open sky from slightly below increases the chance of a hit. Never shoot down with ground as background even if you get audio lock on signal.
As for tight turns you can also chose to set red/black out to off to simulate a G-suit. Otherwise, in my opinion, you black out too fast while the AI flies circles around you at 900km/h
you need to assign all the keys though, to toggle missiles, bombs and their release modes and keys for chafs and flares to deploy counter measures for those planes that have them.